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Imagination on Paper: The Fan Origins of Charles Beaumont

Charles Beaumont (1929-1967) was one of the most compelling science fiction writers of the 1950s and 1960s. His darkly imaginative, often surreal, and twist-driven storytelling helped define the era, appearing regularly in Playboy, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, and other leading publications.

Today, he’s perhaps best remembered as one of the key writers for The Twilight Zone, contributing seventeen teleplays to Rod Serling’s groundbreaking series, including classics like “The Howling Man,” “Miniature,” and “The Devil’s Printer.” His brief but prolific career, cut tragically short by illness and early death, also included adaptations for Roger Corman films and collaborations with Ray Bradbury.

Before Beaumont became a prominent writer, he spent his formative years deeply embedded in science fiction fandom. From ages twelve to sixteen, roughly 1941 to 1945, Beaumont was not just a reader but an active participant in fandom during the genre’s “Golden Age.” He edited fanzines, contributed artwork, and sent letters to professional magazines, cultivating friendships and connections with fans, authors, and artists that formed the foundation of his career.

While the story of Beaumont’s early years in fandom is not well told in existing accounts, it is well documented in fanzines and other ephemera of the 1940s. Our hope with this article is to bring to light this chapter of Beaumont’s life and to offer a glimpse of the restless creativity that fueled his astonishing career.

(Note: Charles Beaumont was born Charles Nutt. In the early 1940s he started using the pseudonym Charles McNutt and in the mid-1940s started using the pseudonym E.T. Beaumont for artwork. In the early 1950s, Charles changed his legal name to Charles Beaumont. Throughout this article, his work will be cited as by the name he signed it where appropriate, but otherwise he will be referred to as Charles Beaumont.

Also note: Beaumont was interested in and wrote across a wide spectrum of fiction including science fiction, horror, weird fiction, and fantasy. In this article, this diversity will be abbreviated as “science fiction” or “the genre.”

Unless otherwise noted, all material referenced in this article is from the First Fandom Experience archive.)

Earliest Exposure to Science Fiction

Charles Beaumont, born January 1929, became interested in science fiction at an early age. Exactly how early is difficult to say because we have found four unique accounts of his introduction to the genre that differ slightly in their details. 

The earliest account we have found of Beaumont’s introduction to the genre is an autobiographical note in the fanzine Science Fiction Junior (number 1, June-July 1942). He wrote:

“I first became introduced to science fiction when a girl friend of mine brought over an issue of the May 1941 Amazing. It looked darn good. I read ‘Lost Race Comes Back’ and was hooked. Ever since I have collected, read, taken part in activities, and tried to start a fan mag. No, I’m not so new. That issue Charlotte (The Gal) was along with a book with the ‘Lensman’, and other ingenious opi.”

(From the collection of Sam McDonald.)

Beaumont was 13 when the statement was published and was 12 in 1941, when he says he was first introduced to the genre through Amazing.

The next account of Beaumont’s introduction was published in the one-off fanzine Dunk’s Scrapbook (1946), when he was 17. He wrote:

“My fan life began in 1939 when I read Verne’s Hector Servadac: The Career of a Comet. I then devoured all of the master and turned to the Oz books (a complete set of which is in my closet) which I also polished off in rapid fashion. Then in 1940 came Amazing, a mag I since regret was my unofficial debut to fandom. However, it served its purpose well and I became aware of an organization called fandom, which, at the tender age of 14, I went into with head lowered.”

Beaumont edits the age of his first exposure to the genre from 12 to 10 and the source from Amazing to Verne. The revision in age is inexplicable but, allowing for the vagaries of youth and time, broadly tracks with his other accounts.

The shift in source and his regret towards Amazing, then edited by Raymond A. Palmer, is noteworthy. As we’ll unpack later, throughout his youth Beaumont was an avid reader of Amazing and regularly visited its offices in Chicago, where he lived for much of his youth. However, Beaumont was 17 when he wrote this account and was making a sincere effort to be a professional illustrator and cartoonist in genre publications. We speculate that Beaumont may have been trying to distance himself from Amazing  in part because, starting in March 1945, the magazine pivoted into its Shaver mysteries era, which turned off many “serious” science fiction fans.

His regret is somewhat ironic because Amazing published his first professional story, “The Devil You Say,” in 1951. Beaumont also had cartoon credits in Fantastic Adventures, which was also edited by Palmer, as early as 1943. 

Beaumont’s statement that he became aware of fandom at age 14, in 1944, is incorrect. He first appeared in print in a fanzine in 1941. 

Despite this, Beaumont’s 1946 account in Dunk’s Scrapbook is supported by a blurb quoted in a fanzine (Glom, number 6, January 1947), but it contains an important new detail. The blurb is quoted from the November 1946 issue of Western Family magazine, a copy of which we could not find. It says that Beaumont (then going by Charles McNutt) “became acquainted with Science-Fiction Fandom… when, at age 11, he became ill and had to spend a year in bed.” 

Here, he splits the difference in the age of his first acquaintanceship to the genre, but adds that it happened when he was convalescing from illness. We can date when Beaumont was wrestling with meningitis from about 1940 to 1942, ages 11 to 13. In Roger Anker’s introduction to Charles Beaumont: Selected Stories, published 1988, Anker says that Beaumont was “mid-way through his two year bout with meningitis” at age 12. This age range broadly tracks with all of his accounts.

It’s not clear why this is the first time his childhood illness is mentioned, but it is central to the last and most popular account of his introduction to the genre. In the Twilight Zone Companion by Marc Scott Zicree, published in 1982  Beaumont is quoted as writing in 1954, at age 25: 

“Football, baseball, and dimestore cookie thefts, filled my early world to the exclusion of Aesop, the Brother’s Grim, Dr. Doolittle, and even Bullfinch. The installation by my parents of library wallpaper in the house, a room full of books for only 70 cents a yard, convinced me that literature was on the way out anyway. So I lived in illiterate contentment until laid low by spinal meningitis. This forced me to less strenuous forms of entertainment. I discovered [The Wizard of] Oz, [Edgar Rice] Burroughs, then [Edgar Allan] Poe, and the jig was up.”

Here, Beaumont is writing as an established professional over a decade removed from his introduction to the genre and fandom. His illness is highlighted and there’s no mention of fandom, Amazing Stories, or Verne. 

Although these accounts differ in their details, they paint a broadly consistent and familiar picture of a young man who was introduced to science fiction around the “golden age” of 12, during a period of convalescence, and who fell in love with the genre.

Introduction to Fandom and First Fiction

Beaumont was born in Chicago but moved to Everett, Washington, in 1941 at age 12, where he first engaged with organized fandom. He first appeared in a fanzine called Universe Stories number 2, 1941, month unknown (though likely March), published out of Everett. Beaumont is given credit for an interior illustration in this issue, however either because the pieces are unsigned or the reproduction quality is too poor, we weren’t able to identify which piece was his.

After its second issue, Universe Stories changed its name to Space Tales. Beaumont’s first known fiction is a short story called “Slave Ship of Space” published in Space Tales, number 3, in 1941, month unknown (though likely May).

(Space Tales, number 3, 1941. Courtesy of the Coslet-Sapienza Fantasy and Science Fiction Fanzine Collection, University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Click on the images to enlarge.)

The story is exactly the kind of sincere mess one would expect from a 12 year old. A dashing hero is captured by pirates from Mars, while detained he meets an imprisoned beauty, and heroic antics ensue. The grammar and formatting of the story is sloppy and the narrative is only loosely coherent. This is explained by Beaumont’s age at the time and by the fact that the editor of Space Tales was a then 14-year-old Tom Ludowitz. We can only speculate about how Beaumont and Ludowitz met, but Space Tales was published out of Everett, where Beaumont was living while in Washington.

Beaumont had several pieces published in the following issue of Space Tales (number 4, July 1941). He published two one-page short stories (“Four Arms Too” and “Forgotten Orbit”) and a list of about 12 very short biographies of science fiction authors and artists.

In the table of contents for this same issue of Space Tales, Beaumont is credited with an illustration titled “The ship was about to leave,” however no such illustration appears in the fanzine.

Space Tales, Number 4, 1941

(Space Tales, number 4, 1941)

Unlike “Slave Ship of Space,” both of these stories are interesting as early indicators of the direction that Beaumont’s writing would take later in life. Where “Slave Ship of Space” was pure pulp action, both “Four Arms Too” and “Forgotten Orbit” are stories with a macabre twist.

The next issue of Space Tales, number five, was its last. Beaumont had no pieces to his name published in this issue, but notably he was listed as associate editor.

Space Tales and the Washington Fantasy Society

It’s worth highlighting Space Tales because it’s one of the earliest fanzines published in Washington and was produced by such a young editor. It ran for five issues over the course of 1941. The only issue with a month listed in its publication date was number 4 in July 1941, but the fanzine claimed to be published bimonthly. Working from that, we can estimate that it ran from January to September 1941.

The fanzine began life as Universe Stories but changed its name after two issues. Ludowitz remained editor throughout, supported by Bernard Webber as art editor. Loren Sinn joined as associate editor with issue number 4, and Beaumont joined as assistant editor with issue number 5. We have no information about Webber or Sinn.

Space Tales was a remarkable feat. It began amateurish by nature but its quality improved dramatically over its short run. Its first issues debuted with “no name” fans taking their first steps into the field, but by its final issue it boasted cover art by Ronald Clyne, articles by Roy V. Hunt and E.E. Evans, fiction by William Hamling, and a column by Harry Warner, Jr. –- all popular, established fans from outside Washington.

(TOP ROW: Universe Stories, number 1, 1941. Later renamed Space Tales. From the collection of Alistair Durie.
BOTTOM ROW: Space Tales, number 5, 1941. Courtesy of the Coslet-Sapienza Fantasy and Science Fiction Fanzine Collection, University of Maryland, Baltimore County.)

We can only speculate, but it’s plausible that because Beaumont moved between Chicago and Everett he was instrumental in connecting the fanzine to Clyne, Evans, and Hamling, who were from Chicago, and possibly Evans, who was from Michigan.

Space Tales also carried the even shorter-lived Washington Fan News, the organ of the Washington Fantasy Society. This “organ” was printed as a half-page section inside Space Tales. Washington Fan News number 1 was published in Space Tales number 4, announced the creation of the Washington Fantasy Society, and promised a second edition in Space Tales number 5.

The second edition of the organ does not appear in Space Tales number 5 and, as far as we can tell, the Washington Fantasy Society never materialized. This was typical in early fandom. Fanzines and clubs were often short-lived, but Space Tales remains an exceptional achievement.

Letters

From 1942 to 1944, Beaumont had 15 letters to the editor published in various professional science fiction pulps, but mostly in Fantastic Adventures and Amazing Stories. Both of these magazines were published by Ziff-Davis out of Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer.

Beaumont’s letters to Palmer’s magazines were the typical fare, detailing which stories, authors, art, and artists he liked and didn’t like. He spent nearly as much time commenting on art and artists as he did on stories and authors. He justified his critiques of artists in an August 1942 letter in Fantastic Adventures, “Yes I can comment, being artistically inclined myself.”

Like most readers, he was partial to Virgil Finlay, but criticized James Allen St. John as “a good artist but not for scientific fiction” (Amazing, June 1942). He regularly praised Robert Fuqua but criticized Frank R. Paul, saying “I guess that I am the opposite to every other fan in my opinion of Paul. Although a good artist I think that Bob Fuqua could duplicate every painting Paul does” (Amazing, June 1942).

Beaumont’s letters generally heaped praise on the publications. In a July 1942 letter to Fantastic Adventures (in which he had two letters published), he wrote:

“Perhaps you wonder why I am flooding you with so many letters? Well, it is because you are so darn good… The May issue was better than anything you have ever put out.”

A letter published in the September 1942 issue of Amazing Stories shows that Beaumont was a dedicated reader of the magazine. He lists his favorite story from each issue of the magazine from the January 1939 issue through the June 1942 issue. Edgar Rice Burroughs, Otto Binder, and Don Wilcox take the lead as authors, though a diversity of authors appear.

(Amazing Stories, September 1942)

Beaumont’s letters to Amazing reveal a dedicated reader who sincerely liked the magazine. In Charles Beaumont: Selected Stories, Anker wrote that Beaumont would “often ‘haunt’ the editorial offices of the Ziff-Davis Publishing Company–publishers of Amazing Stories and other pulp magazines… To young Charlie Nutt, these people were giants.” Beaumont is credited as once writing “they were Gods to me,” which creates a stark backdrop to his later regret about the magazine being his introduction to the genre. 

Beaumont was also an advocate for his friend and later collaborator Ronald Clyne. In an August 1942 letter to Fantastic Adventures, among praise for Hannes Bok and Wesso (Hans Wessolowski), he wrote:

“Yer cartoons are gradually petering out. Why don’t you get Clyne back to work for you? He was by far the most talented cartoonist you ever had, and he drew like a professional. Now you understand that just because he’s my personal friend doesn’t mean that–whoops, but I mean every word I said.”

It’s interesting to note that Beaumont had no letters published in other leading pulps like Astounding, Unknown, or Weird Tales. Apparently, he never wrote to them. In an autobiographical blurb in Fantasy Fiction Field, March 25, 1944 (a month after his last published letter in a prozine appeared), Beaumont said that he “wrote a deluge of somewhat nauseating letters to the pros, all of which saw print.” If we take him at his word, then he wrote no unpublished letters to the pros.

Beaumont’s last letter as a fan to a prozine appeared in Planet Stories, Fall 1944. It’s the only letter he has in Planet Stories, and in it he reluctantly admits that after years of reading the magazine it finally won him over with “a long string of successful issues.” 

The Planet letter is mostly interesting, however, because it is in part a response to a letter from another reader in the Spring 1944 issue named E.F. Buchanon. Buchanan’s letter is a tirade against other readers of Planet who, in his view, are poor but vocal critics. The letter is quite vehement and insulting, and although Buchanon doesn’t name names, he calls out the letter-writing readership of Planet as a whole. This includes many people in fandom that Beaumont was friends with.

Beaumont’s response is a pointed defense of fandom and he name drops several “big name fans” like Forrest J Ackerman, Bob Tucker, and Harry Warner. In this letter, Beaumont firmly plants himself in fandom and in defense of it

A letter published in the November 1942 issue of Startling Stories (published by Standard out of New York and then edited by Oscar J. Friend), sets up the next stage of Beaumont’s fan journey.

“Now if you don’t mind I would like to announce the newest fan mag in history: Starlit Fantasy. It will have a cover by Clune and inside work by Hamling, Yerke, Lesser, Warner, 4sj, and others. All the readers of this letter, how about sending 15c for this new litho’ed fan mag in which the editors are Nutt, Schmarje, and Handler.”

Imagination on Paper!

In the summer of 1942, less than one year after the final issue of Space Tales and in the midst of his letter-writing spree to the prozines, Beaumont published the first issue of his very own fanzine, Science Fiction Jr. If Space Tales was remarkable then Science Fiction Jr. was the next superlative up. Beaumont was just 13 years old.

(Science Fiction Jr., number 1, Summer 1942. From the collection of Sam McDonald. Click on the images for a larger version.)

Science Fiction Jr. was well organized, well produced, and well populated with content from both fans and professionals. Although much of the content was reprinted from other magazines (with permission, as Beaumont scrupulously notes) and it did not stand out from its peers, it fit in. It included an original cover by Ronald Clyne, reprinted fiction from Willy Ley (a rocket scientist, fan, and writer), Malcolm Jameson, and Dale Todd, and an article by Ralph Milne Farley. Beaumont illustrated the back cover.

Among various editorials and articles, Beaumont wrote a blurb titled “Of What Use is Science Fiction?” This question carried some weight at the time. The United States had entered World War 2 about half a year before. Many fans were drafted, some turned away from fandom or science fiction in general, while others leaned in. The young Beaumont gave his response:

“‘Why should you buy such utterly fantastic material to read?’ Ask skeptics.

‘Of what good is it?’ Ask others.

The answer is relaxation, occupation of time and the source of other’s imaginations. We all love a good book, true, but who in the world doesn’t love a good magazine. Everyone wants to know what is going on in other peoples’ minds thus came SCIENCE FICTION. It really is imagination on paper–so the summarized answer is answered, curiosity and wholesome, clean, imagination.”

The second issue of Beaumont’s fanzine came with a title change. Starlit Fantasy, volume one, number 2, published in the fall of 1942 and upheld the quality of the first. This was the issue that Beaumont advertised in Startling Stories.

(Starlit Fantasy, number 2, Fall 1942. From the collection of Alistair Durie. Click on the images for a larger version.)

Despite teasing a cover by John Giunta and a contest with cash prizes, a third issue never appeared. Beaumont’s fanzine ended its run after just two issues, a common fate. There’s a special irony to the final issue of Starlit Fantasy as it carried an article titled “The High Cost of Fanning,” which spelled out how difficult and costly it was to run a fanzine.

A few years after Starlit Fantasy folded, Beaumont provided a self-deprecating reflection of his effort (Fantasy Fiction Field, March 25, 1944):

“I put out a fan-rag of my own which survived two issues and then went floppo, to my intense delight – NOW. I admit that both said issues stank beyond conception, but they did bring about the new lithographed cover policy so many fanzines are now using. While not a new idea, it proved to new editors how practical it was.”

Gleanings

Starting in August 1943, Beaumont began contributing a column to Fantasy Fiction Field called Gleanings. It was published intermittently and mostly covered news about fandom and the Ziff-Davis Publishing Company.

The Gleanings from Fantasy Fiction Field, n137, August 11, 1943, carried a few pieces of interesting news. It reveals that Utopia, a fanzine Beaumont would ultimately publish one issue of in 1945, was conceived of much earlier. In the column he says: “Due to unforeseen difficulties the scheduled UTOPIA fan mag will not appear.” He goes on to list material that he’d like to give away for free including “250 printer covers by Ronald Clyne (labeled UTOPIA)” and various other artifacts of the scrubbed effort.

He also once again plugs his friend and sometimes collaborator Ronald Clyne, saying that “fandom’s one successful artist is now working on the staff at Ziff-Davis.” Gleamings reinforces how close Beaumont was to Palmer’s Amazing. In an article in the Sept. 19 Fantasy Fiction Field he gives a detailed account of what it’s like to visit Palmer’s offices at Ziff-Davis.

This article also contains the only other piece of information about Space Tales editor Tom Ludowitz that we’ve found:

“Ludowitz resigns from fandom with an angry snort. His latest venture Ludowitz-operated-world-wide-chain-book-stores, featuring everything but SF. Why? I don’t know. His last issue of SPACE TALES wasn’t at all bad, and he was slowly but surely erasing his name as fandom’s grand jerk. (Adios Tom).”

We don’t know much else about Ludowoitz. It’s unclear what he did to earn the title “fandom’s grand jerk” or what happened to him after Space Tales. An obituary (October 28, 1927 – December 19, 2023) mentions his founding of Space Tales and his subsequent move to Los Angeles at age 16. There’s no record of Ludowitz getting involved with LA fandom.

Finally, perhaps the most interesting piece of information in this article is a paragraph about an up-and-coming artist. Note that at this time, Charles Beaumont was going by Charles McNutt.

“E.T. Beaumont is a name you will be seeing a lot of soon. Here is an artist among artists! Like Finlay, Cartier, St. John? You’ll like Beaumont. Expect to see some of his work about Christmas. He is doing work now for ESQUIRE, GAGS, NIFTY, NEW YORKER, and CARTOON HUMOR under a more ‘cartoonish’ pseudonym.”

Beaumont the Artist(s)

Beaumont was interested in art from an early age and, at least when young, considered himself artistically inclined. He had many art credits to his name in fanzines and his letters to prozines ranted and raved about artists at least as much as authors. He also counted among his friends such artists as Ronald Clyne and Hannes Bok.

A stylized black and white illustration of a superhero-like figure with a cape, gazing upward amidst clouds and stars, signed 'McNutt' in the bottom left corner.
(Science Fiction, Jr., number 1, June-July 1942)

Beaumont’s first credit in a professional magazine is for a cartoon done in collaboration with Clyne in the October 1943 issue of Fantastic Adventures (Beaumont reported that Clyne joined Ziff-Davis in August 1943). Our speculation is that Clyne was the artist and Beaumont provided the idea and caption.

A cartoon illustration by Charles McNutt depicting a space alien with a disappointed expression, stating, 'I must say, I am a bit disappointed in you Earthmen!' next to a horse-like creature, with a spaceship in the background.
(Fantastic Adventures, October 1943)

In 1944, Beaumont appeared to have a breakthrough as an artist. The cartoonish style of his earlier work suddenly gives way to his “latent artistic inclination” as he debuts an incredible piece of art titled “Intolerance.”

This was not the radical evolution of Beaumont as an artist, however. Note that the art is signed “E.T. Beaumont,” the surname that Charles Nutt would later legally adopt.

An artistic illustration titled 'Intolerance,' featuring a central figure with a distressed expression against a dramatic backdrop. The scene includes ornate architecture and sculptures, hinting at themes of cultural significance and emotional depth.

(“Intolerance,” Fantasy Fiction Field, number 167-168, March 25, 1944)

E.T. Beaumont was the pseudonym used by Charles and a woman named Wilma Bellingham (December 7, 1918 – November 26, 2022). The two met when Beaumont went to a newsstand to buy a copy of Astounding but Bellingham, who worked there, was reading the last copy and declined to give it up. They struck up a conversation and E.T. Beaumont was born.

The first piece to appear in fanzines signed by E.T. Beaumont was the cover of Fantasy Fiction Field, number 167-168, March 25, 1944, titled “Intolerance.” Inside the issue was an epigraph for the illustration along with short autobiographical blurbs by Bellingham and Beaumont that describe their partnership.

(Fantasy Fiction Field, number 167-168, March 25, 1944)

It’s not clear exactly how much of each piece Beaumont or Bellingham was responsible for. Given the juxtaposition between Beaumont’s solo work and the work of E.T. Beaumont, we conclude with some confidence that Bellingham was the real talent behind the pseudonym. The pieces signed as Nutt or McNutt from the same period are of a vastly different style and quality, while the pieces signed as E.T. Beaumont are consistently remarkable.

For his part, Beaumont did appear to take his role in the partnership with some humility. In his autobiographical blurb in Fantasy Fiction Field, Beaumont says: “I am given much too much credit by Wilma, I only furnish the rough and pencil sketch the affair – she does the actual inking.”

He also explains the acronym “E.T.”

“As for Beaumont – as you’ve guessed – it is a pen-name for Wilma and me – E. for Evans and T. for Tucker – got anything better??”

We can assume that Evans was likely a reference to E. Everett Evans and Tucker was a reference to Bob Tucker, both prominent fans at the time that Beaumont interacted with.

The last piece by E.T. Beaumont we’ve found is an interior piece for the fanzine The Acolyte from 1946. 

Cover illustration for _The Acolyte_ featuring a dark, dramatic scene with a devil-like figure and ghostly apparitions set against a stormy background.

Beaumont (as Charles McNutt) did go on to have a short run as an artist in his own right. From 1947 to 1948 he had 7 pieces of interior art published in books produced by Fantasy Publishing Company, Inc., one of the first specialty publishers of science fiction and fantasy books that emerged during the post-war collapse of the pulps. He also had one interior piece published in Famous Fantastic Mysteries, June 1948.

One of the most striking pieces of art produced by Beaumont was an unpublished cover for his next foray into fanzine publishing, Utopia. It’s noteworthy for two reasons. First, it’s an incredible piece of art; second, though unpublished and likely not finished, it’s signed as McNutt.

Cover illustration for _Utopia_, featuring a surreal depiction of waves and abstract structures with the title 'UTOPIA' prominently displayed at the top.

(Unpublished cover art for Utopia.)

It seems unlikely to us that Beaumont produced this piece on his own, but it also seems out of character for Beaumont to try to take undue credit for the work of Bellingham.

The Comic Question

Fans of science fiction are often fans of comics, and Beaumont was no different. Much of his solo art as a fan were comics, as were his collaborations with Ronald Clyne. His fast friendship with Ray Bradbury may have been born from their shared interest in comics.

The relationship between comics and science fiction has sometimes been tense, however. In the 1940s, science fiction fans often struggled in their effort to legitimize the genre as serious literature and an association with comics could undermine that. Beaumont tackled the question in an article he wrote for the fanzine Centauri in 1944.

(Centauri, number 2, Winter 1944)

Utopia

Utopia survived for just one issue, published in May 1945. The fanzine was an homage to Beaumont’s other artistic interest, music. The issue contained two pieces of fiction, a few features, an obligatory Clyne cover, and interior art by himself. Primarily, Utopia was filled with articles by various fans and pros about music and its relationship to science fiction and fantasy.

Beaumont wrote in the opening editorial:

“Briefly, the object of this mag is to bring to the attention of fandom a comparatively neglected subject: Music. Now, while many fine articles have been and are being written about this, I don’t recall a magazine devoted to it–which is the main reason for Utopia.”

Utopia was Beaumont’s last significant effort as a science fiction fan. He was 16 years old and a high school student. 

(Utopia, number 1, May 1945)

After Fandom

Beaumont appears to have left fandom sometime around 1946, at age 17. According to Roger Anker in Charles Beaumont: Selected Stories, he turned his attention to drama and radio work while continuing to work on illustrations and cartoons. He left high school a year early to briefly join the army, after which he used the GI Bill to enroll at the Bliss-Hayden Acting School in Los Angeles.

Although his acting career failed to materialize, Beaumont’s move to Los Angeles was fortuitous. It was there that he met Ray Bradbury in the summer of 1946. Anker writes that Beaumont met Bradbury “in Fowler Brothers Book Store in Downtown Los Angeles, and began talking about his comic collection.” Bradbury was nearly 10 years older than Beaumont but the two struck up a friendship, and Bradbury–then a professional author himself and a long-time fan–would become a significant mentor to Beaumont.

Beaumont’s career reminds us that fandom was never a passive pastime for him but the crucible in which his imagination was forged. Editing fanzines, exchanging letters with professionals, and illustrating alongside his peers gave him not only technical practice but also confidence in the legitimacy of his creative ambitions. The young fan who once haunted the Ziff-Davis offices in Chicago grew into the professional who helped define mid-century science fiction on the page and screen.

In this way, Beaumont’s trajectory illustrates how early immersion in fan culture could become a direct pipeline to professional achievement. His restless creativity found a proving ground in the amateur press, his friendships in fandom became collaborations, and his habit of engaging critically with stories and art trained him for the exacting work of professional storytelling. The path from “Slave Ship of Space” to The Twilight Zone is a testament to how the enthusiasms of a teenage fan could shape the artistry of a writer whose visions still linger in popular culture today.

Announcing “The Ultimate COSMOS: How a 1933 Serial Novel Reshaped Science Fiction”

Why should modern readers of science fiction care about a mashed-up novel from 1933 – generally deemed terrible as a work of fiction?

Why should anyone care about a stunt pulled off by a band of early science fiction fans hoping to promote their struggling amateur publication?

The creators of The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom bring you the story of Cosmos – a remarkable serial novel from 1933, with chapters by sixteen well-known authors. Even more astonishing is the tale of how this extravagant space-opera came to be. Orchestrated by a scrappy, ambitious cadre of young fans – mostly teenagers – the creation of Cosmos is a seminal episode in the history of science fiction. The impact on the novel’s editors and authors echoed through the decades that followed.

This 350-page, profusely illustrated and documented volume presents the full text of Cosmos in the most accessible form yet published. More importantly, it brings to life the history and impact of its creation through the words of its editors and authors. Unique to this publication are thirty-seven original illustrations by Clay Ferguson, Jr., commissioned by the editors for private editions of the novel — and the personal inscriptions of the authors to Raymond A. Palmer, the primary force behind an event that reshaped the genre.

“Venturing into the history of American science fiction can seem like an impossibly daunting task, with unfamiliar writers, editors, fans, and stories fighting for space with some of the most famous names in the field. The Ultimate COSMOS offers a wonderful entry point into this world—a deep dive into a single fascinating episode that situates many of the genre’s key players in relation to one another at the same crucial moment in time. Whether you already know this territory well or want to orient yourself before exploring further, this book is a road map that leads straight to the heart of the pulps.”
– Alec Nevala-Lee, author of the Hugo Award finalist Astounding: John W. Campbell, Isaac Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein, L. Ron Hubbard, and the Golden Age of Science Fiction

The Ultimate COSMOS is great fun and makes a convincing argument that like an asteroid careening through the early science fiction world, the round-robin novel Cosmos had a powerful impact on the careers of all involved—whether authors, editors, illustrators, or the era’s dedicated science fiction fans.”
– Fred Nadis, author of The Man from Mars, Ray Palmer’s Amazing Pulp Journey

This illustrated history volume weaves together so many different elements – the histories of 17 storied authors from the golden age of the genre; the story of a handful of influential fans (who would go on the heavily influence the field in professional capacities); the business of fanzine publishing and history of two of the most influential fanzines, incidentally exploring the motivations of those early fans; the development of science fiction art; the changing nature of the field itself and a story contest to boot... You’ve not seen SF History presented in this manner before – it’s far more than science fiction’s version of a coffee table book.  I highly recommend it as both entertainment and education, if not revelation.”
Steve Davidson, Publisher of Amazing Stories

“When COSMOS commenced in 1933, it was ballyhooed as a landmark scientifiction yarn — the first “round robin” SF serial by writers prominent at the time. Yet the cultural history of its publication that David Ritter and the First Fandom Experience team have unearthed is even more exciting than the novel itself. Through contextual essays, illuminating footnotes, and contemporary illustrations (the unpublished art of Clay Ferguson, Jr. is alone worth the price of admission), COSMOS comes alive as pioneering Space Opera and as a crucible for the fan-pro distillation of Golden Age of Science Fiction.”
– MIchael Saler, Professor of History, University of California, Davis

“While the novel itself could be charitably described as uneven, what gleams like the toenails of Thorth throughout this project is the sense of community which was already blooming around the genre of science fiction, still less than ten years old at this point. The Ultimate COSMOS is a truly fascinating book, and the ancillary material presented is full of unexpected or informative facts which place the story in context, and serve to make it far more interesting to read for modern eyes than it has any right to be.”
– Sandra Bond, author of Three Men in Orbit, The Psychopath Club and others

The Ultimate COSMOS is now available!

Click here to order.

Announcing the Supplement to Volume Three of The Visual History

Early fans wrote and published prolifically. In The Visual History, we excerpt and distill their work to focus on the most important, interesting and entertaining material they created. Even so, each volume has filled over 500 pages. If you’ve carried one around, you know the meaning of the term “weighty tome.”

Still, we’re frustrated by the exclusion of the full versions of key fan artifacts that provide additional richness and context. This leads to today’s announcement:

The Supplement to The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom, Volume Three: 1941 is now available.

To manage the cost and effort needed to make this material available, we’re offering this title only via print-on-demand and in a more standard, economical 8.5×11 softcover format. We ran trials with several vendors and found that Lulu Press seems to provide the best combination of print quality (essential for the reproduction of our facsimile content), cost and service. The book can be ordered here:

Click here to order the Supplement to TVHv3 at Lulu Press.

The Supplement includes 168 pages of material created by fans in 1941, with full narratives presented as originally published in seldom-seen fanzines.

TVH3-Supplement-ToC

Please drop a line with feedback on the book and the experience with Lulu to info@firstfandomexperience.org.

Dedicated FFE readers may recall the previous publication of a Supplement to Volume Two. A very small number of copies were produced. The cost of making this more widely available led us to pursue print-on-demand, hopefully a more workable solution for all. In the near future, the Volume Two Supplement will be available through this channel as well. We also expect to compile and release a Supplement to Volume One at some point.

Your continued interest and support are greatly appreciated!

Howard Low and the Junior Science Correspondence Club

Readers of this blog may recall a post from May 2020 where we shared a unique artifact from the very early history of fandom — an elaborate hand-illustrated fanzine titled Tellus News.

Although dated “Sol 23, 1947,” this remarkable Martian newspaper of the future was penned in January 1932 by one “Howard Lowe.” At the time of our 2020 post, we admitted that we knew nothing further about Lowe or his work.

We’ve learned a lot since then.

Stephen Howard Lowe (later, Low) was born on April 19 1917 in Portland Oregon. In 1930, he was 13 years old and living in New York City. During that year, he began a correspondence with Forrest J Ackerman, then 14. The first known example of the teenagers’ exchange dates to January 18 1931, where Lowe says, “I feel as if I’ve known you for a long time but really its been only about six or seven months.”

We’re not sure how Lowe and Ackerman first connected. Lowe likely discovered Ackerman and his address through a letter in Amazing Stories. Lowe’s sole known appearance in Amazing came in August 1931.

“I am only a boy of thirteen and Chinese. I am most interested in your stories containing Chinamen as the villains. Please don’t always pick on them. I am sure others would do.”

Of note in Lowe’s June 18 letter to Ackerman: “You really flattered me when you told me you sent my FRANKENSTEIN letter to Carl Laemmle!” Laemmle was the owner of Universal Pictures and the Producer of the 1931 production of Frankenstein. Why did Ackerman think Laemmle would care about a letter from a thirteen-year-old? Stay tuned…

Later in 1931 (though undated), Lowe reveals his emerging talent as an artist, the family influence on his ability, and his membership in one of Ackerman’s earliest attempts to organize fans: the Junior Science Correspondence Club (JSCC).

Other members of the JSCC remain obscure (but stay tuned). Lowe and Ackerman may have been the most active participants. During this period, Ackerman was also forming the Boys’ Scientifiction Club (BSC). While the BSC is somewhat better documented, the relationship between the two clubs is unclear. Membership almost certainly overlapped.

Lowe gushes over Ackerman, whose similar age the slightly older boy may never have disclosed. Tiny drawings complement and illustrate the text of the letter. Lowe reveals that he’s the nephew of “the cartoonist of DUMB DORA, GUS AND GUSSIE and BUGHOUSE FABLES.”

Lowe’s uncle was Paul Fung, his mother’s brother. Fung was a pioneering comic artist, the first Chinese person to have a nationally syndicated strip. Both generations of the family would produce other commercial artists as well.

(Everybody’s Magazine,
August 1919)

Lowe took the JSCC quite seriously — as shown in his profusely illustrated “radio script” from August 8 1931.

By the Autumn of 1931, Lowe was beginning to contribute to his uncle’s professional work. In his letter of August 29, he notes: “Yesterday I went to my uncles and did the blackening for one of the strips of DUMB DORA for him.” Later he adds, “All I do is receive letters, answer them, watch the flickers (movies), eat, sleep, and work out original comic strips with original gags. Colored, too!”

Lowe shares some of his history in a letter from September 20 1931. School openings in New York were delayed that year due to an epidemic of Infantile Paralysis. He asks after “Dale,” from whom he gets no letters. Perhaps early fan Dale Tarr was another member of the JSCC? The work continues.

Finally, Frankenstein. On November 29 1931, Lowe showed that he wasn’t just a movie-goer:
“It could have been improved a bit if they followed the book and had Frankenstein killed in the end by the monster, but I suppose it would have been an unrelieved ending for the audience to stand.”

Perhaps Lowe also rendered the monster in the earlier letter Ackerman sent to Laemmle? We’ll likely never know.

In early 1932, Lowe began to mention Tellus News.

At the end of January, Lowe sent Ackerman “the second issue of Tellus News” — the same issue we’ve shown here. He also claims to quit the practice of illustrating his letters: “From now on all of my letters will be typewritten and you won’t receive any of my ‘red or blue letters.'” (But stay tuned.)

The abandonment of illustrated letters would last only a week.

A mystery emerged in Lowe’s next letters. It seems that Tellus News hadn’t reached Ackerman in the mail.

But (phew), the unique fanzine was found! Ackerman returned it to Lowe, apparently with effusive praise. Tellus News number three was duly promised.

In the last batch of material we have from Lowe, we learn that he sent Tellus News number two back to Ackerman, and that number three was complete. As far as we know, it’s never been seen. We also have the identity of at least one other member of the JSCC: “Linus,” who can only be Linus Hogenmiller, allegedly Ackerman’s first correspondent.

Lowe’s March letter also included two full-page illustrations rendered for Ackerman. Seems young Howard had something for Clara Bow.

After this, the trail goes cold. Sadly, these letters were exchanged before Ackerman began his practice of keeping drafts of his outgoing correspondence. The search for any surviving papers from Lowe’s estate may yield the next chapter in the story of Howie and Forrest.

But thanks to some exceptional research by Alex Jay, we know that Lowe’s early activity as a fan presaged a career as a professional artist. He went on to study art at Cooper Union in New York, graduating in 1938.

Howard Low and classmates in The Cable 1938,
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art

In May 1941, Ackerman used a Howard Lowe image as the cover for Voice of the Imagi-Nation number 14.

Low served in the Army from 1943 to 1946, reaching the rank of Corporal and acting as “an artist-correspondent in the Pacific.” (Nassau Daily Review-Star, April 16 1946). His art appeared in Fortune, Theater Arts, and other magazines. He designed textile patterns, one of which (“Cosmic Bouquet”) is held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Low died on November 9 1990. Please visit Alex Jay’s blog post, “Howard Low, Artist and Illustrator,” May 20 2022 for much more detail on Low’s family history and samples of his work throughout his career.

Thanks for the material in this post go to the curators of the Forrest J Ackerman Papers at Syracuse University Libraries’ Special Collections Research Center (SCRC); Alex Jay, author of the Chinese American Eyes blog; and Sam McDonald of the FFE team.

Seeking collaborators for research and publishing on the early history of fandom

First Fandom Experience is a collaborative publishing project. Over the last several years, our team has issued six volumes focused on the early history of fandom. There’s more to come as we round out our primary series, The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom. Additional offerings are also in the works.

Fan history is replete with stories of individuals whose experience in fandom enabled them to create the foundations of the massive science fiction and fantasy industry we know today. The writings of these early fans also offer unique insights on the US and Britain during the Great Depression and the Second World War.

We hope to engage with students, historians and others with interest and intent to learn, understand and publish these stories.

In support of our work, FFE has assembled an extensive archive of fan material — fanzines, convention material, club ephemera, photographs, correspondence and others — all from the late 1920s to the late-1940s. The physical archive resides in the collections of David Ritter and Alistair Durie, each accumulated over decades. Our exclusive focus on this period also allows us to source supplemental digital material from other private, university and public sources.

The digital archive holds about 4,100 distinct fanzine issues dated 1930 – 1946, with near-complete coverage over 810 titles for this period. Complete runs of seminal early fanzines include:

Ad Astra (1939 – 1940)The Nucleus (1938 – 1944)
The Alchemist (1940 – 1947)The Phantagraph and predecessors
(1934 – 1946)
Arcturus (1935 – 1937)The Planet (1930)
The Beyond (British; 1942 – 1946)The Planeteer (1935 – 1936)
The Brooklyn Reporter (1935)PSFS News (1937 – 1948)
The Comet / Cosmology
(1930 – 1933; lacking one issue)
Ramblings / Matters of Opinion
(1938 – 1947)
Cosmic Cuts (British; 1943 – 1946)The Reader and Collector (1938 – 1946)
Cosmic Tales (1937 – 1941)Sardonxy (1940 – 1945)
Fantascience Digest (1937 – 1941)The Satellite (British; 1938 – 1940)
Fantaseer (1939 – 1941)Scenes of Fantasy (1939)
The Fantasite (1940 – 1944)Science Fiction
(Siegel & Shuster; 1932 – 1933)
Fantasy Digest (1939 – 1940)Science Fiction Collector (1936 – 1941)
The Fantasy Fan (1933 – 1935)Science Fiction Digest / Fantasy Magazine (1932 – 1937)
Fantasy Fiction Telegram (1936 – 1938)The Science Fiction Fan (II) (1936 – 1941)
The Fourteen Leaflet (1935 – 1937)The Science Fiction Scout (1937 – 1939)
Futuria Fantasia (1939 – 1940)SOLOR (1937-1939)
The Futurian (1938 – 1940)Spaceways (1938 – 1942)
Futurian War Digest
(British; 1940 – 1945)
Sun Spots (1940 – 1947)
Helios (1937 – 1938)Sustaining Program (1938 – 1947)
Imagination! (1937 – 1938)Sweetness and Light (1939 – 1940)
International Observer (1934 – 1937)Tesseract (1936 – 1938)
Le Vombiteur (1938 – 1941)Temper! (1945 – 1947)
Le Zombie (1938 – 1975)The Time Traveller (1932 – 1933)
Milty’s Mag (1940 – 1946)Tomorrow (British; 1937 – 1938)
Mind of Man (1936 – 1937)Ultra (Australian; 1939 – 1942)
New Fandom (1938 – 1941)Van Houten Says (1938 – 1942)
Novae Terrae (1936 – 1939)Voice of the Imagi-Nation (1939 – 1947)

Also of note are one-of-a-kind fan artifacts, including hand-illustrated fanzines such as Tellus News and Supramundane Stories; preliminary dummy versions of fanzines; signed copies of convention program books; and Frederik Pohl’s Vombitoria.

A partial index of the material currently in the FFE archive is available for download, below. We’ll update this periodically. Future editions will include listings of correspondence, photographs and original fan art.

FFE is prepared to facilitate access to the archive for individuals and organizations seeking to research and publish in this area of study. Please reach out to us at:

info@firstfandomexperience.org

We look forward to hearing from you!

The (long overdue) results of the 2021 Cosmos Prize

The round-robin novel Cosmos was the product of a scheme orchestrated in 1933 by a young Raymond A. Palmer, then editor of the fanzine Science Fiction Digest. This remarkable feat of amateur publishing involved the recruitment of sixteen professional authors, each of whom contributed a chapter loosely developed from a plot outline provided by Palmer. We’ve written extensively about Cosmos, especially on the The Cosmos Project website.

While Cosmos represented an impressive achievement in influence and coordination, the resulting fiction was somewhat predictably irregular — and in some cases, terrible. In 2020, we launched a writing contest that sought to address what we saw as the worst flaw. The final chapter, contributed by none other than Edmund Hamilton, fails to draw together the previous elements in the story and left us entirely unsatisfied.

Several authors stepped up to offer alternative conclusions to the novel. We announced the winners and published their submissions in 2021.

The success of this contest led us to initiate a sequel. The 2021 Cosmos Prize was established as encouragement for artists to illustrate two parallel round-robin works, both titled The Challenge From Beyond. Ten prominent professional authors wrote chapters based on the title — five for a science fiction version, and five for a fantasy version. The results were published in the September 1935 issue of Fantasy Magazine. You can read the works as they originally appeared here.

We were delighted when Sara Light-Waller, winner of the 2020 Cosmos Prize, also submitted a terrific entry for the 2021 prize. We then waited anxiously for other aspiring and/or accomplished artists to take up the Challenge… From Beyond. We’ve had numerous expressions of interest, but no further credible submissions.

It’s past time to give Sara her due. We’re pleased to present her four illustrations. The first three capture scenes and characters from the science fiction version of the story, written by Stanley G. Weinbaum, Donald Wandrei, Edward E. Smith, Ph.D., Hal Vincent and Murray Leinster. She created two full renderings for this story. Page numbers are as they appeared in the original fanzine, where numbers spanned multiple issues in a volume. (Click the images for expanded views.)

Sara also provided a spot illustration for a key character who first appears on page 216. She notes that this image would likely appear early in a printed version of the story.

Sara submitted just a single illustration for the fantasy version of Challenge From Beyond, written by C.L. Moore, A. Merritt, H.P. Lovecraft, Robert E. Howard, and Frank Belknap Long, Jr. Her exceptional work on this piece recalls for us the style of Virgil Finlay.

Congratulations to Sara! As the winner of the 2021 Cosmos Prize, she’ll receive $300 in cash and copies of The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom.

Stay tuned to First Fandom Experience for more news about our continuing work to bring to life the history and impact of science fiction fandom.

Introducing Volume Three of The Visual History

From the Introduction:

It was the best of fandom. It was the worst of fandom.

Historians may be inevitably drawn to the Dickensian contrapuntal.

Science fiction fandom in 1941 played out in a panoply of wisdom, foolishness, belief and incredulity. Less mired than previous years in the economic shackles of the Great Depression, fans let loose in ways both expected and surprising.

The year began with a bang – the noisy implosion of the ascendant Queens Science Fiction League, torn apart by rancor among New York factions stewing since 1938. In early December, fans in America were forced to face the threat of imminent dystopia as insidious products of science and engineering rained down on sailors at Pearl Harbor.

Between these bookends, fans read and wrote and gathered and argued and published in profusion – mostly in good humor.

The perennial questions persisted. What’s the purpose of the fiction we inhale like oxygen? What role do fans play in the world? Are we somehow better than others? What’s the point of organizing? Perhaps these debates were reason enough to come together.

Fans flocked together. Small but vibrant clubs coalesced in Boston, Minneapolis, northern New Jersey and central Michigan. Regional gatherings established communities and annual conferences that still endure.

Fans initially believed the shocking report of the suicide of Earl Singleton, the tall handsome poet who so impressed them at the Chicago Worldcon in 1940 – and were incredulous when his demise was revealed to be a cynical prank.

The Futurians of New York had been a hotbed of controversy, publishers of variously literate invective and often maudlin poetry. As the calendar turned, many members of this loose confederation found footholds in the professional ranks. As editors of short-lived pulps, they published stories penned by their friends. As authors, some launched careers that would last a lifetime.

Fanzines flourished. Some fans lamented the deluge. As always, quality varied widely. Stalwarts such as Harry Warner, Jr. (Spaceways and Horizons), Jack Speer (Sustaining Program) and Julius Unger (Fantasy Fiction Field) consistently published high-quality issues. The Fantasy Amateur Press Association met its goal of four quarterly mailings, each stuffed with a few gems and a collage of miscellany.

Fan artists matured, raising the bar for the quality of illustration gracing amateur publications. The impressive work of Lou Goldstone and Roy V. Hunt could well have led to careers in art but did not. British fan artist Harry E. Turner’s contributions to wartime fanzines laid the foundation for his later work as a designer and graphic artist.

Between their frequent parties, the dynamic Los Angeles fan community produced a monthly avalanche of material. Voice of the Imagi-Nation served as the hub of fan correspondence from America, the UK, Canada and Australia. The group pioneered the wider use of lithography for art reproduction and fostered a growing base of professional authors. The year saw the pro debut of Ray Bradbury, the emergence of Leigh Brackett and the ascendance of Robert A. Heinlein. A mysterious woman from San Francisco burst on the scene and captured a prominent fan’s heart – but his ardor was doomed to be unrequited.

The westward migration of the World Convention to Denver led to epic adventures on the byways of America. (Highways were yet to be constructed.) From Oregon came young Damon Knight, driven to Denver by his parents. From Riverside, California, teenager James “Rusty” Hevelin hitchhiked. Captivated by fans from the east, neither went home.

The Denver Worldcon would be the last until 1946. Fans didn’t know this at the time, but they debauched as though they did. Traditions established the prior year in Chicago did more than survive the trip, highlighted by an extravagant masquerade. As Guest of Honor, Robert Heinlein led the audience to “The Discovery of the Future.” Forrest J Ackerman would later dub this the most outstanding conference address he heard in his fifty-plus years as a fan.

Britain endured the Blitz of nightly Nazi firebombs. Fans scattered from the cities but stayed in touch. A small cadre maintained a steady pace of correspondence and publishing. At the center was J. Michael Rosenblum, deemed “contemptable” by an American peer for his stance as a Conscientious Objector. Other Brits took up arms despite a hatred of war. A Nuneaton fan accused his hobby of urging him to the front lines: “It is difficult to call to mind an outstanding fantasy not built up on one or all of the ideals of battle, murder & sudden death. The red gods of war have never had stronger propagandists than the writers of fantasy.”

More than ever, the experience of fans in 1941 offers a view of the human experience of that time. In the US, journeys from the coasts to the heartland and back were set amidst evolving attitudes regarding the present and the future. In Britain, the terrible potential of science came in the dark – yet fans’ inherent optimism survived. Young fans were inspired by those who came before, evidence of the enduring appeal of hope, imagination, speculation and the camaraderie of like-minded fellows.

Our mission at First Fandom Experience is to bring to life the evolution and impact of science fiction fandom. The passion and work of early fans laid the foundation for the pervasive influence that science fiction and fantasy exert today. Their words and pictures deserve to be remembered as they were written and drawn. In their voices, we hope their optimism, joy and energy speak to you as they have to us.

Exhaustively researched and profusely illustrated, this 500-page hardcover volume was introduced at the Windy City Pulp and Paper Convention, April 5, 2024.

Click here to order!

1946 Project Wrap-Up: We Had Fun!

During Chicon 8, First Fandom Experience had the privilege of organizing the 1946 Project. The program track encompassed sixteen panels and presentations:

  • 1946: A Year in the Life of a Fan
  • The Life and Impact of C.L. Moore
  • The Life and Work of A.E. van Vogt and E. Mayne Hull
  • Titus Groan: Genre or Not?
    (Click for a great summary by moderator Dave Hook.)
  • 1940: The First Chicon
  • Undiscovered and Forgotten Gems of 1946
  • Remembering Erle Melvin Korshak
  • Leading Ladies: Women in Fandom in 1946
  • How Did Atomic Weapons Change Science Fiction?
  • The SFF Art and Artists of 1946
  • Extinction and Evolution: The 1946 SFF Book Publishing Boom
  • Science in Science Fiction: The Guesswork of 1946
  • James Kepner and Edythe Eyde:
    Pioneering LGBTQ+ Activism in 1940s Los Angeles Fandom
  • The Likely Hugo Nominees From 1946
  • Ray Bradbury’s Preposterously Productive 1946
  • How the 1946 Pacificon Saved Post-War Worldcons
David Ritter, Peter Balestieri, Jerry Kaufman and Joe Siclari discussing “1946: A Year in the Life of a Fan”

Thanks up front to the First Fandom Experience team, without whom we couldn’t do any of what we do. John L. Coker III and Sam McDonald act as principle historians, supported by Doug Ellis. We’re proud to have been recognized by the Chicon organizers as Heroes of the Convention.

Fan Guests of Honor Joe Siclari and Edie Stern, curators of the remarkable Fanac.org archive, provided invaluable guidance and material in support of the project. Mark Olson, shepherd of Fancyclopedia, worked with us to create a display of fanzines distributed at the 1940 Chicon.

We’d like to thank all of the terrific panelists who lent their expertise and insight to one or more of these sessions:

TrishEMAlec Nevala-LeeJoe Siclari
Peter BalestrieriRich HortonDr. Bradford Lyau
John HertzConnie WillisJohn E. Stith
Helen MontgomeryJerry KaufmanSue Burke
Kate HeffnerDr. Lisa YaszekTom Whitmore
Dr. Jason AukermanCarrie CooperGary K. Wolfe
Doug EllisDave HookTad Daley
Orton OrtweinBrendan DetznerRebecca Campbell
Travis CreasonG. David NordleyHenry Spencer
James L. CambiasMichael HaynesJane Frank

Extra special thanks to Convention Chair Helen Montgomery, Program Division Head Nchanter, Exhibits Division Head Benjamin Levy, and their great teams — for their outstanding collaboration and support.

Also, we offer deep appreciation to Stephen Korshak, the son of Erle Korshak, Fan Guest of Honor (sadly departed prior to the con), and Dean Ziff, nephew of Mark Reinsberg. As high school students, Erle and Mark were the co-organizers of the 1940 Chicon. The presence of their descendants at the panel discussing that first Chicago convention added a moving sense of history.

A last-minute surprise addition to the 1940 Chicon panel was a showing of recovered sections of the assumed-lost film, “The Monsters of the Moon.” A version of this 1930s stop-motion monstrosity was viewed by attendees of the first Chicon. Restored by “Dr. Film” Eric Greyson and hot off the presses, special guests Bruce Lee and Mindy Grayson shared the six-minute space opera with an amused and appreciative audience. (The film is available as part of a collection offered on DrFilm.net.)

Title screen of “Monsters of the Moon,” restored by Eric Grayson.

To inform our program, we published a series of blog posts with historical context on SFF and fandom in 1940:

In addition, we assembled an exhibit representing the den of an active fan from the 1940s, drawn from fans’ published descriptions of the period — perhaps most directly, Bob Tucker’s essay from Le Zombie in June 1940.

A Fan’s Den, c1940s at Chicon 8

The star of the den exhibit was an (almost) functional 1920s A.B. Dick Number 77 Model A mimeograph machine. This particular make and model was common among fan publishers of the day, including Tucker. Also featured were full facsimiles of 1940s fanzines and a collection of reading pulps. The (mostly) working period typewriter and the guestbook tempted some visitors to leave thoughtful messages.

At the show, we introduced a new book: The First Chicon is an excerpt from The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom, Volume Two: 1940. This slim-but-rich 9×12 softcover includes the key chapters from the full volume that cover the 1940 Chicon in depth. (The book will be available soon for order on this site.)

First but not least, at the Opening Ceremonies David was honored to accept the First Fandom Posthumous Hall of Fame Award on behalf of August Derleth, founder of Arkham House.

We now turn our attention back to our core mission: the completion of The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom. We hope to have Volume Three out in the first half of next year, with a focus on the very-important year of 1941. The series will (may) conclude with Volume Four, covering 1942 – 1946. Our work on the 1946 Project has already set us up with a rich base of research and material regarding that also-very-important year.

Thanks for all of the great conversations and support at Chicon 8. We had fun!

Spaceways, v2n8, October 1940

Ray Bradbury’s Preposterously Productive 1946

In 1946, Ray Bradbury — then age 26 — saw seventeen of his stories in print. His tales appeared in ten different professional magazines. Six were genre pulps. Four were mainstream “slicks.”

Ray Bradbury, 1947. From the collection of John L. Coker III

Weird Tales4
Planet Stories4
Amazing Stories2
Thrilling Wonder Stories1
New Detective Magazine1
Dime Mystery Magazine1
Collier’s1
Charm1
Mademoiselle1
The Californian1

At the same time, Bradbury was deep into writing new stories, revising old stories and collaborating with publisher Arkham House to prepare for the release of his first collection: Dark Carnival, issued in 1947.

Dark Carnival by Ray Bradbury, Arkham House, 1947. Jacket design by George Barrows
Amazing Stories, February 1946:
“Final Victim” by Henry Hasse and Ray Bradbury
Amazing Stories, v20n1, February 1946. Art by Malcolm Hadden Smith

Bradbury’s collaboration with fellow Los Angeles author Henry Hasse dates back to his first professionally published story, “The Pendulum” (Super Science Stories, November 1941).

Weird Tales
v39n4
March 1946
“The Traveller”
by Ray Bradbury

Art by Boris Dolgov

Collier’s
April 1946
“One Timeless Spring”
by Ray Bradbury

Art by Vincent Guise

Planet Stories, Spring 1946:
“Defense Mech” by Ray Bradbury
Planet Stories, v3n2, Spring 1946. Art by Joseph Doolin
Thrilling Wonder Stories
v28n2
Spring 1946
“Rocket Skin”
by Ray Bradbury

Art by Marco Enrico Marchioni

Weird Tales
v39n5
May 1946
“The Smiling People”
by Ray Bradbury

Art by A.R. Tilburne

Weird Tales
v39n6
July 1946
“The Night”
by Ray Bradbury

Art by Boris Dolgov

Amazing Stories, July 1946:
“Chrysalis” by Ray Bradbury
Amazing Stories, v20n4, July 1946. Art by Clifford McClish
Planet Stories, Summer 1946:
“Lorelei of the Red Mist” by Leigh Brackett and Ray Bradbury
Planet Stories, v3n3, Summer 1946. Art by Rube Moore

“Leigh Brackett came into the (Los Angeles Science Fiction League) around 1939-1940. I started going down to Muscle Beach in Santa Monica every Sunday.”

Cover art by Chester Martin

“For five years Leigh Brackett taught me to write stories for PLANET STORIES.  These were terrible, wretched stories – imitation Leigh Brackett.  Then she got the job of writing a film – The Big Sleep – at Warner Brothers.  She said that she was writing a story for PLANET STORIES that she would be unable to finish and she asked me to take over and finish writing it for her. “

“So, I wrote the last half of “Lorelei of the Red Mist” and it was published with our names on it.  You can’t tell where Leigh Brackett ends and Ray Bradbury begins.  She was such a teacher and she influenced me deeply.”

Ray Bradbury, from an interview conducted by John L. Coker III, Archon 20, Collinsville, IL, October 4 1996

Leigh Brackett, Ray Bradbury, Ed Hamilton, Hamilton’s sister, c1948. From the collection of Donn Albright. Provided by John L. Coker III
Planet Stories
v3n3
Summer 1946
“The Million Year Picnic”
by Ray Bradbury

Art by Alexander Leydenfrost

Mademoiselle, October 1946:
“Homecoming” by Ray Bradbury
Mademoiselle, November 1946. Art by Charles Aadams. Image provided by Sam Weller

“Bradbury had submitted ‘The Homecoming’ to Mademoiselle… but it languished without a reader for months. Bradbury was not surprised – he was beginning to send his remaining weirds to magazines that were publishing his fantasies – but the story was saved by a most unlikely chain of events. Truman Capote, who was then as editorial apprentice at Mademoiselle, was at loose ends one day in the late winter of 1946 and found the story on the floor of the fiction editor’s office. He read it, loved it, and recommended it to Rita Smith, his editor. Soon Bradbury found himself working closely with the magazine’s staff as his story became the centerpiece of a ghoulish October 1946 issue complete with a Charles Addams illustration.”

From Ray Bradbury, The Life of Fiction by Jonathan R. Eller and William F. Touponce, The Kent State University Press, 2004

George Davis of Mademoiselle to “Ray Bardbury,” March 27 1946. Image provided by Sam Weller

“In 1946, I wrote a short story called “Homecoming” and I sent it to Weird Tales, but they sent it back to me.  They refused to give me fifteen dollars for it.  I had a hunch that I should try a big magazine like Mademoiselle.  So, I sent it off and they held it for two or three months, not knowing what to do with it, because I had created this vampire family, which was very strange.  ‘Homecoming’ was about a big celebration of all of these vampires.  They finally bought the story, and they got Charles Addams to illustrate it.  I was beginning to create my family and Charles Addams was starting to create his family.  I went to New York, this time on the train.  I arrived in New York City and met the editors at Mademoiselle Magazine.

“I saw the wonderful illustration by Charles Addams for ‘Homecoming,’ which was a double page spread.  I loved it so much that I bought it from him.  It was three hundred dollars.  I didn’t have it, so I bought it on time.  I gave Charles Addams twenty dollars a month and bought that painting.  So, when my novel From the Dust Returned came out two years ago, I had that cover which I bought fifty years ago and kept all that time and finally gave it to my publisher and you see it on my book.  Charles Addams and I planned to do a book together.  But, nobody wanted the idea, so we separated.  He went his way with his family and I went my way with my family, and we had two separate careers.”

Ray Bradbury, from the Introduction to TALES OF THE TIME TRAVELERS, 2009, edited by John L. Coker III

From the Dust Returned by Ray Bradbury, William Morrow and Company, 2001. Art by Charles Aadams
Planet Stories, Fall 1946:
“The Creatures That Time Forgot” by Ray Bradbury
Planet Stories, v3n4, Fall 1946. Art by Rube Moore

“The Creatures That Time Forgot” was later published with the title “Frost and Fire.”

Weird Tales
v39n8
November 1946
“Let’s Play ‘Poison'”
by Ray Bradbury

Art by Lee Brown Coye

Dime Mystery Magazine, November 1946
“The Small Assassin”
by Ray Bradbury
And… these for which we cannot find copies

New Detective Magazine, November 1946:
“A Careful Man Dies” by Ray Bradbury

The Californian, 1946 (month unknown):
“The Electrocution” by Ray Bradbury, as by “William Elliot”

Simply… preposterous.

A Year In the Life of a Fan: Joe Kennedy in 1946

In our series of posts in support of the 1946 Project at Chicon 8, we’ve already explored the year in fandom. We also want to understand what it was like to spend that year as an active fan.

One of the most prolific and well-regarded fans was Joseph Charles “Joe” Kennedy. His remarkable 1946 is worthy of note, if not entirely representative of how most fans passed their year. Born August 21 1929, he turned just 17 in the Fall of 1946 — but ranked among the most accomplished fans of the period.

In January 1946, Milton A. Rothman provided a guide to fannish activities, intended to provide something of a “Fandom 101” for new adherents. Originally published in The National Fantasy Fan (v5n1, January 1946), the essay identified eight primary activities in which serious fans engage.

The Life of the Fan by Milton A. Rothman, January 1946

Kennedy pursued all of these to some degree, but he was most prolific in writing and publishing for the fan community. His primary effort, Vampire, had run for four issues in 1945 and was already recognized as a leading fan publication. The full extent of his output throughout 1946 is, to us, impressive.

January

January 1 — the very dawn of 1946 — Kennedy joined a gathering at the New Jersey home of Sam Moskowitz. This was the second meeting of the self-designated “Null-A Men,” satirically named after the controversial novel by A.E. van Vogt. As Moskowitz noted in The 1946-47 Fantasy Review, “The initial idea of a loosely knit, social group was abandoned when 10 fans showed up… The idea of an organizational meeting was expanded into a full-fledged convention.” This was the origin of the “First Post-War Eastern Science Fiction Convention,” which would convene in March of that year.

Atres Artes, v1n3, 1946. “Ergerzerp” may be Ron Christensen

Also at the start of 1946, Kennedy issued the first of his ambitious yearbooks, The 1945-46 Fantasy Review. Weighing in at 48 dense pages, this review of the field and fandom included a rich summary of fan events during the year, as well as poll results ranking books, stories published in the pulps, professional authors and fan journalists.

The 1945-46 Fantasy Review, edited by Joe Kennedy, January 1946

As a member of the Vanguard Amateur Press Association (VAPA), Kennedy published Joe’s Jottings. This ‘zine primarily featured commentary on VAPA and the contents of the mailings, with occasional poetry and short fiction by Kennedy and others. The January issue was sparse — unsurprising given Kennedy’s other activities.

From Joe’s Jottings for VAPA, n3, January 1946

February

Kennedy and his frequent collaborator George R. Fox published Speculations, a fanzine that lasted only a single issue. It featured articles by Sam Moskowitz, an original radio play by John H. Cooper, and a “Composite Readers Report on TTTT Number Three.” This last was a summary of reviews of Fox & Kennedy’s humor fanzine Terrible Test Tube Tales that ran for three issues in 1944 and 1945.

Speculations, n1, February 1946. Art by George R. Fox, silkscreen by John H. Cooper

March

On March 3, Kennedy attended the First Post-War Eastern Science Fiction Convention at the Slovak Sokol Hall in Newark, New Jersey.

From the Official Program of the First Post-War Eastern Science Fiction Convention, March 3 1946

April

Vampire, Kennedy’s primary and most ambitious fanzine, saw its fifth issue in April 1946. Most dramatic was a to-and-fro between Sam Moskowitz and August Derleth concerning the publication of The Outsider and Others.

The fourth issue of Joe’s Jottings boldly proclaimed itself as “The Magazine of Cultural Americana” — but delivered only more commentary on VAPA and an odd poem by Dale Hart.

June

The sixth issue of Vampire appeared in June 1946 with a stunning cover by fan-artist John Cockroft.

September

On top of all his activities in fandom, Kennedy began his higher education in Fall 1946, attending Seton Hall.

Kennedy also attended the September 8 meeting of the newly-revived Queens Science Fiction League in 1946, and submitted this article on the club to Fantasy Times.

The fifth issue of Joe’s Jottings also appeared in September, featuring more of Kennedy’s cartoon rendering.

Last but not least, the seventh issue of Vampire was issued in September. The macabre cover by Walt Kessel was titled “Morning After the Convention.”

October – November

For the October 1946 mailing of the Fantasy Amateur Press Association (FAPA), Kennedy inaugurated his membership in the Association with the first issue of his fanzine Grulzak. With minor exceptions, the 18 pages were entirely written and illustrated by the editor.

On October 27, Kennedy attended the Philadelphia Conference, a revival of the annual event that had been on hold since 1941. He quickly penned and published his account of the proceedings, issuing his Expose!! A Kennedy’s-eye View of the Philly Conference dated November 2.

In the November 1946 issue of The Scientifictionist, Kennedy contributed a four-page article titled “Utopias Made to Order.” He poses the eternal question facing fans of speculative fiction:

“So we have, in fandom, two seemingly opposing schools of thought: one which foresees a bright future for the human race, and recommends that fandom do everything within its power to aid social and scientific progress; and the other, which adopts a sort of philosophical resignation to the aimlessness of life and the utter lack of meaning of the universe. Which, then, to choose?”

December

The final 1946 issue of Vampire featured a remarkable cover by St. Louis fan-artist Van Splawn.

In addition, Kennedy cooked up another offering — though we’ve been unable to track down any copies. In 1950, he wrote:

Spacewarp, n42, September 1950. From Fanac.org

January 1947

At the dawn of 1947, Kennedy delivered his 77-page omnibus, The 1946-47 Fantasy Review, cited throughout our work on the 1946 Project.

Reputation Realized

Kennedy was recognized at the time by his fellow fans. In a poll published in July, Kennedy ranked fifth as Top Fan Poet and fourth as Top Fan Editor. His fanzine Vampire placed fourth among its peers.

Shangri-L’Affaires, n31, July 1946

In Kennedy’s own poll published in The 1946-47 Fantasy Review, Vampire was ranked tops of the fanzine pantheon.

Recognition, well deserved.

Kennedy’s later career was (is) impressive as well. As “X.J. Kennedy,” he is a widely-read and much-awarded poet and author. As with other prominent fans, his early days as an active amateur publisher helped to prepare him for a prominent life in letters.

What are your thoughts on Joe Kennedy and his contributions to fandom? Please drop us a note!